Natural and Sexual Selection of Vestigial and Wild Type Drosophila Melanogaster

Natural and Sexual Selection of underlying and Wild type go downters case drosophila melanogaster Abstract In this experiment, underlying wing as strong as wild type move were used to create some diversity as well as test one of our hypotheses. Our hypotheses are as fol minuscules 1) The wild type go provideing have a greater relative fitness compared to the underlying flies based on only inner choice. The wild type has a relative fitness of 1 since it has to the full functional wings. Vestigial Winged flies are not as familiarly appealing since their wings are not functional and the wing exertion is a life-sustaining part of their mating ritual. ) The vestigial fly go away have a greater relative fitness when considering both(prenominal) sexual and intrinsic choice. With the presence of internal selection (fly paper hanging from top of cage) posing a larger threat to the wild flies b/c they send away fly separate, this will allow vestigial flies to prosper break out. To set up this experiment, two twenty-five gallon aquariums, 3 petri-dishes, 200 flies, rotten bananas, and barm were used. It was decided that on that point would be 80 vestigial flies and 20 wild type flies to complete to an initial population of 100 drosophila.In the sexual selection circumstance, the vestigial drosophilas carrying capacity is somewhere around 80 individuals, which is consistent with the wild type drosophilas carrying capacity in this circumstance ( insert 4). In the sexual and natural selection circumstance the wild type drosophila have a carrying capacity at approximately 100 individuals (Figure 5). As both of the p-values from distributively circumstances in our experiment are greater than 0. 05, both hypotheses mustiness be refuted. IntroductionThis experiment focuses specifically on Drosophila melanogaster, also cognise as the common fruit fly (Lynch, M. , et al. pp 645-663). For over 100 years scientists have been using them in experiments as they are referred to as a copy organism. They were deemed a model organism since they are characterized as having a large reproductive capacity, a medium size, a short generation time, and are dirt cheap to keep alive. Fruit flies only consume yeast growing on rotting fruit. Sixty-one percent of human genetic diseases have been embed in fruit flies, they also share many similar genes with globe.The male fruit fly spends most of his time chasing after and singing to female flies with hopes of mating with her, they are winning about once a day (Stowe, K. 2008). The male fruit fly frequently sticks out one wing or the other which is accompanied by its vibration, producing a love song that can be recorded with specialized microphones (Hall, Jeffrey C. , pp 1702-1714). To distinguish male drosophila from females, there must be a distinctive downcast spot on the distal end of their abdomen for it to be a male, the females do not have this black spot.In this experiment, vestigial flies as well as wild type flies were used to create some diversity as well as test one of our hypotheses. Vestigial flies do not have well mathematical operation wings, however wild flies do have functioning wings. Within this experiment, degrees of natural selection, sexual selection, and a combination of both were tested on the two types of flies. Natural selection is survival of the fittest. Sexual selection is the major power of organisms to choose their mates depending on their species. Relative fitness is the ability of an organism and species to survive and produce fertile, successful offspring.Purpose of our experiment is to cast the effect of natural selection on two subspecies coexisting under similar circumstances. Our hypotheses are as follows 1) the wild type flies will have a greater relative fitness compared to the vestigial flies based on only sexual selection. The wild type has a relative fitness of 1 since it has fully functional wings. Vestigial Winged flies are not as sexually appealing since their wings are not functional and the wing movement is a vital part of their mating ritual. 2) The vestigial fly will have a greater relative fitness when considering both sexual and natural selection.With the presence of natural selection (fly paper hanging from top of cage) posing a larger threat to the wild flies b/c they can fly better, this will allow vestigial flies to prosper better. Materials and Methods To set up this experiment, two twenty-five gallon aquariums, 3 petri-dishes, 200 flies, rotten bananas, and yeast were used. The bananas chosen to be an accelerant for the growth of the yeast andwere frozen so they would be easier to trimmed. The yeast was used because the drosophila melanogaster prefer this as a food source.The vestigial and wild type flies were sexed (to determine their sex), sorted, and counted. An initial population size of 100 total flies was decided so that it would be easier to determine the phenotypic percentage of the total population. Fly paper was rigid in one of the sets of cages to impose a method of natural selection as well as the sexual selection which is being solely tested by the other set of cages. It was decided that there would be 80 vestigial flies and 20 wild type flies to total to an initial population of 100 drosophila.Next, the flies were anesthetized flies using Fly Nap. The flies were counted out to bear on desired ratio, sexing the flies making sure there are equal amounts of males and females to be sure there is ample individuals to allow successful mating. The flys food was prepared by taking a frozen rotten banana, cutting it in half, mashing up the banana meat, and mixing yeast into it. The bananas were then cut into halves horizontally (six halves total in each cage) and split down the middle length wise leaving the peel on the banana, revealing the yeast-banana mush and placed into the petri dishes.The petri dishes were then arranged into a horseshoe shape in th e bottom of the aquarium. Next, the allele frequencies were determined by using the hardy Weinberg equation (p2+2pq+q2). This experiment will prove our hypotheses sufficiently if carried out correctly by changing the total populations of the subspecies of each fly. Since the vestigial flies do not fly they will be affected by sexual selection only. However, the wild type flies will be affected by sexual and natural selection.The import that is predicted is that the relative fitness of the vestigial flies will stay low in the sexual selection circumstance and they will prosper in the sexual and natural selection circumstance since they do not fly and are not able to come near the fly paper posing as the natural selection. Also, the wild type flies will remain at a high fitness level in the sexual selection, scarcely a low fitness level in both sexual and natural selection circumstance. Table 1 General selective information from Sexual Selection propagation Sexual Selection Only To tal Drosophila Wild Type Vestigial 0 20 80 100 1 2 6 12 18 3 338 50 388 4 201 21 222 5 428 35 463 give in 1 shown in this table is the initial data of the total count of flies captured for counting in each species each week/generation in the sexual selection group. Results Table 2 General Data from Natural and Sexual Selection Generation Natural and Sexual Selection Total Drosophila Trapped Wild Type Flies Wild Type Vestigial 0 20 80 100 0 1 2 16 59 75 lots 3 23 10 33 lots 86 1 87 lots 5 114 21 135 Lots table 2 shown in this table is the initial data of the total count of flies captured for counting in each species each week/generation in the group that was exposed to natural selection as well as sexual selection. Table 3 Anova Single Factor, natural selection Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 63202. 5 1 63202. 5 3. 513094 0. 09775 5. 317655 Within Groups 143924. 4 8 17990. 55 Total 207126. 9 9 Table 3 Shown in this ta ble is the ANOVA calculation which determines the probability that our null hypothesis will be found true. In this case, the proability of that happening is approximately 0. 09 or 9%. This number is low enough to allow us to accept our hypothesis. Table 4 Anova Single Factor natural and sexual selection Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 774. 4 1 774. 4 0. 486447 0. 505277 5. 317655 Within Groups 12735. 6 8 1591. 95 Total 13510 9 Table 4 Shown in this table is the ANOVA calculation for the Natural and Sexual selection grouping of drosophila and the possibility of our null hypothesis occurring. In this case, the value is approximately 0. 5, or 50%. This proves that our hypothesis is not completely reliable. In generation 0, for the sexual and natural selection set of flies, the total sample size is 100 flies consisting of 20 wild type (10 male, 10 female), and 80 vestigial (40 male, 40 female), there were no flies stuck on the fly pape r yet.The allelic absolute frequency p=0. 048, p= 0. 961. For the sexual selection set of flies, the total sample size is 100 flies, consisting of 20 wild type (10 male, 10 female), and 80 vestigial (40 male, 40 female), the allelic frequency is p= 0. 78, and q=0. 22. The dominant trait is denoted by the letter p (wild type), and q denotes the recessive (vestigial). After five generations were allowed to pass, the final total of drosophila in the sexual selection group included 428 wild type and 35 vestigial out of 463 total drosophila(Table 1).After five generations were allowed to pass, the final total of drosophila in the sexual and natural selection group included 114 wild type and 21 vestigial out of 135 total drosophila (Table 2). thither is an obvious and drastic decrease in the amount of flies after the five generations passed when comparing the two separate groups. Also, it must be pointed out that the set of data does not have values for the first generation because when the flies were counted, the collection of flies to count was unsuccessful.Next, the p-values of each set of data were metrical by using the ANOVA Single factor function in Microsoft Excel. The p-value of the sexual selection only set of data came out to be 0. 097, or 9. 7% that our null hypothesis that the vestigial flies would be more fit than the wild type flies would come true (Table 3). In Table 4, it is shown that the calculated p-value for the sexual and natural selection conditions of the vestigial and wild type flies produced a value of 0. 1, or 51% that our null hypothesis would come true. Figure 2 shows the data collected in the sexual selection circumstance of both the vestigial and wild type drosophila as well as the total population as to compare visually the drastic contrast between the two subspecies. The wild type flies remain more successful than the vestigial flies. Figure 1 In this figure, it is shown visually the differences in the song of flies counted per eac h subspecies of drosophila while under only sexual selection conditions.Figure 3 shows the Natural and sexual selection circumstances effects on the populations of both vestigial and wild type flies as well as the total number of flies in the enclosure. The Vestigial flies start off more prosperous than the wild type flies, but then the wild type drosophila regain their success and start reproducing at incredible rates. Figure 2 In this figure, it is shown visually the differences in the numbers of flies counted per each subspecies of drosophila while under both natural and sexual selection.Figure 4 In this figure, the relative fitness and carrying capacity of each subspecies is shown. Figures 4 and 5 have been included to compare fitness levels of each of the fly subspecies. The scale on the y-axis has been multiplied by 10 to better understand the incredible contrast between the species. In both circumstances, the vestigial drosophila starts out with a higher relative fitness then reaches an equaliser level with the wild type flies and they switch dominance of their relative fitness.Figure 5 In this figure, the relative fitness and carrying capacity of each subspecies is shown. news This curvature of the graphs and intersections happen because when the subspecies reach their carrying capacities, they must make a change so that they can survive as a community. In the sexual selection circumstance, the vestigial drosophilas carrying capacity is somewhere around 80 individuals, which is consistent with the wild type drosophilas carrying capacity in this circumstance (Figure 4). In the sexual and natural selection ircumstance the wild type drosophila have a carrying capacity at approximately 100 individuals (Figure 5). As both of the p-values from each circumstances in our experiment are greater than 0. 05, both hypotheses must be refuted. It is suggested that this experiment is conducted again using a better enclosure for the flies. During the semester, count less flies were flying around the lab which could account for the numbers of flies being inaccurate. There are possible errors in the sexing as well as the counting of the flies.Only a few flies crawled into the tubes with apple cider vinegar, and didnt allow for every fly to be accounted for. The temperature of the lab was frequently quite cold, therefore this could account for some of the flies dying. As temperature was not a factor we were testing in this experiment, the temperature should be kept at a constant level. This experiment is important on a global level because of the closeness in the similarities of the genes between the drosophila and humans (Lynch, M. , et al. pp 645-663).This experiment shows us how, if humans were meant to survive strictly on natural and sexual selection, that mutations would play a part in the selection of mates. References Hall, Jeffrey C. Jun 1994. The Mating of a Fly. Science 264 No. 5166 pp 1702-1714. Lynch, M. , J. Blanchard, Houle, D. , T. Kibota, Shultz, S. , L. Vassilieva, Willis, J. view Spontaneous Deleterious Mutation. Evolution 53 No. 3 pp 645-663. Stowe, K. A. , L. L. Hester, and Vieyra, M. L. 2008. Biology 101 Lab Manual. Hayden- McNeil Publishing Inc. , Plymouth, Michigan, USA.